Search published articles
Volume 2, Issue 1 (10-2005)
Volume 10, Issue 2 (7-2013)
Background and aims: Evaluation of the contractor’s HSE is a key issue for the employer that influences the selection of a contractor. An appropriate method of assessment can play a significant role in the selection of qualified contractors. This paper presents a new method for ranking of contractor’s HSE at pre-contract stage of a project.
Methods: To develop this new evaluation method, the c ontracts were categorized in 3 groups of advanced, medium and preliminary. In order to pre-assess the contractors’ status prior to their participation in bids, an HSE data questionnaire was developed in the frame of 40 questions. Then 29 indices were developed for primary HSE assessment based on International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP). Because the role of each index is different in each category of contracts thus, seven elements of HSE model were weighted on the basis of contract category. Contractors scoring system was developed in each category of contract based on the obtained weights. Finally the contractors were categorized in four groups of A, B, C and D based on their scores obtained from their HSE evaluation.
Results: The results revealed that each term of HSE have different weight in each contract category. In advanced (group 1) and medium (group 2) contracts, the leadership plus commitment (coefficient of 4.9 and 4.3 respectively) and in preliminary contracts the execution and monitoring (coefficient 3.3) have the highest weights. The Strategy and goals have the minimum weight in all 3 types of contracts (e.g. 4.4 in advanced, 3.6 in medium and 2.4 in preliminary contracts). The minimum score required for an A group contractor to get an advanced contract is 537 while the maximum score of a D group contractor to obtain a preliminary contract is 123.
Conclusion: The new developed method is able to rank the HSE of contractors prior to sign the contract.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (4-2014)
Background and Aims: Performance evaluation models are essential for assessment and improvement of management systems. However, they should be customized for specific requirements of their users, usually corporations. The purpose of this article is to develop a model to evaluate the performance of HSE management systems according to the corporations’ strategies.
Methods: This article is a qualitative research based on the case study method which reports the strategic performance evaluation of the HSE management system in a large corporation. Studying many existing models and standards in the field of HSE management systems, we customized a model based on the BSC framework. The model, then, has been peer-reviewed and refined through Individual Depth Interviews (IDIs) with three HSE experts and consultants of the corporation in terms of validity and applicability. According to the model and its scoring guide, the strategic performance of the corporation’s HSE management system has been evaluated by external impartial HSE auditors.
Results: The HSE management system of the organization in this case study scored 63.9 of 100 as the HSE strategic performance indicator. Based on the detailed scorecards of each indicator , the study revealed that the company had a great performance in ‘HSE processes’ layer whereas there had been some weaknesses in ‘Learning and Growth’ layer especially in “human and information capital” indicators of strategic performance.
Conclusion: The case study results show that the customized Balanced Scorecard (BSC) model developed in this research could evaluate and measure the strategic performance of HSE management systems of the case. Moreover, the model is a starting point to measure strategic effects of HSE management systems in organizations.
Volume 11, Issue 3 (9-2014)
Background and aims: According to the progressive trend of contracting companies' activity in petrochemical industries, also the significant role of HSE in sustainable improvement, it seems that there is a need to have an appropriate plan for evaluation of Contractor s performance.
The purposeofthisresearch is the assessment and evaluation of Contractor s HSE performance based onkey indicators inthepetrochemicalcompany.
Methods : In this descriptive and cross-sectional study data was gathered using two types of questionnaires and checklist. Research population were includedfourteen contracting companies working in a petrochemical company. Sevenelements ofHSEmanagementsystemsaskey indicatorsandevaluationcriteriahavebeendeveloped.The averagepercentageofquestionsasthebenchmarkindex(less than50 %, 50 unfavorable ,70-75 % acceptable,75-90 % Good, 90-100 % favorable ) were considered . Collected data were analyzed by nonparametric methods with correlation and Kruskal-Wallistest . The percentage and average are used in descriptive statistics .
Results: Our results revealed that all related performance criteria were implemented by more than70% of cases actually. Also about 90% of companies were in favorable, good and acceptablecondition. Kruskal-Wallistest resultsshowed thattheperformanceofcompanies in differentindicators (p=0.437) and alsobetweenthedifferentcompanies in allparameters there was no significant difference(p =0.423, p=1).
Conclusion: Results showed that Contractors HSE performance based on key indicators in mostcompanies were in favorable condition and in limited numbers of them were good and acceptable . This relativelyfavorableconditioncan be resulted by the establishment of the HSEmanagementinPetrochemical Companyas well as contractors commitment to respect Client's HSE rules and regulations.
Volume 11, Issue 4 (11-2014)
Background and aims: Among different types of occupational accidents in the construction industry, falls and falling objects accidents (group I) account for 44% of construction accidents. Hit by vehicle, electric shock, collapse in the excavation and fire or explosion accidents (group II), while are only 7% frequent, make up about 26% of all fatalities and total disabling accidents. The aim of this study is to investigate these two groups of accidents and to discuss the obtained results in order to identify the potential hazards of construction industry.
Methods: Data mining methods are employed to analyze data in this research. Hence, 21864 data records which were provided by Social Security Organization (SSO) and were related to construction accidents of the whole country between 2007 and 2011 were analyzed using decision tree and association rule methods.
Results: In the first group of accidents, the frequency of accidents at night shift is less than the others, and injury to the head, back, spine and lower extremities are more prevalent. The final result is similar to other accidents. In the second group, the frequency of accidents among married and older workers is more than single and young workers. There was a higher frequency in the evening and especially night shifts as well as during the weekends. The injuries to the head, face and neck are greater than the other accidents in this group.
Conclusion: The results of this study confirm the results of the past research. Hence, utilizing data mining methods has been successful. Policy makers, managers of construction industry and managers of insurance companies can propose preventive actions against accidents using such patterns.
Volume 12, Issue 2 (6-2015)
Background and aims: during last decades, attention to ergonomic factors has been increased. Nowadays, most ergonomic assessors in workstations, assess ergonomic factors, considering either technical requirements or workers needs, both of which can affect design efficiency. But it seems an integration model of these two factors can be more effective. So this paper aims to present a pattern to assess work place ergonomically, considering both technical needs and workers’ needs.
Methods: present study is a kind of descriptive model solution studies, which uses a joining method of Kano model and Quality Function Development (QFD) to develop workstation optimal design. A survey was performed among 350 workers at industrial plants to identify problems of ergonomic factors in their work stations. Data gathering was translated into Kano questionnaire. Then it was clarified and used in the House of Quality matrix. Finally in a joining model, a method is presented which is able to prioritize ergonomic requirements and technical characteristic in to an optimal design.
Result: the most important factor of workers requirement was safety tools and healthy conditions, such as air pollution and temperature stresses. The most important factor of technical requirement was cost and presence of national valid standards and attention to comfort in during the jobs.
Conclusion: Industrial managers should choose optimal strategies concerning their workers requirements and information feedback from them. Also they should provide their workers comfort and satisfaction concerning technical needs to gain most profit and less cost.
Volume 13, Issue 1 (4-2016)
Background and aims: Since assessment of crisis management has important role in planning for training and increase awareness and preparation hospitals, therefore the usage of new Resilience Engineering approach can help to increase efficiency of crisis management and empowerment hospitals to encounter with crises. The aim of this study was to evaluate of validity and reliability of the questionnaire to assess crisis management based on seven principles of Resilience Engineering approach in hospitals.
Methods: In this descriptive study, eight hospitals in Ahvaz in 1392 were examined. The Self -designed questionnaire completed by personnel of nursing and management sections. Data were analysed using SPSS software. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency and for proving validity was used of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.
Results: Reliability evaluation showed high internal consistency and good reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.977 and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.97. The results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed seven factors for the questionnaire that jointly explained 75.3% of variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed KMO=0.885, BT=6.41, df =946 (p<0.001). So, Factor analysis earning from exploratory factor analysis was tested and was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis.
Conclusion: The findings from this study suggested that the designed questionnaire to assess crisis management based on seven principles of resilience engineering approach in hospitals was suitable and practical. It will be useful to assess crisis management in hospital and recognize its weak points and strengthen of its strong points.
Volume 14, Issue 2 (6-2017)
Background and aims: However, both the implementation and establishment of the Health, safety and Environment (HSE) management system is successful, but there is no guarantee on the quality of its performance. Therefore, a comprehensive performance evaluation system is essential for monitoring, evaluating and continuous improvement of these systems. If this evaluations are based on company's strategic planning, they are on the right path. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the implementation of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) on improvement of HSE management system in one of a big production companies in our country.
Methods: This study is cross-sectional, in nature is applicable, and in methodology is a survey research. During the research, first some studies based on theoretical context were done and then BSC was implemented in HSE system of the company. Finally, a conceptual model to evaluate the performance of HSE management system in the form of Balanced Scorecard was designed and by this model the performance of HSE management system was evaluated and compared before and after the implementation of the BSC.
Results: The results show that after the implementation of the BSC, HSE management system through 67 performance indicators that evaluated, in 43 indicators (64/2%) had improvement and major progress is visible in terms of internal processes and customer. Poor performance is in terms of growth and learning than other strategic perspectives, so the company needs to insist more effort to provide a platform for learning and development in the field of HSE.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the implementation of BSC can improve the performance of the HSE management system.
Volume 14, Issue 3 (7-2017)
Background and aims: In advanced management, human resources are the center of sustainable development. The main objective of the implementation of safety management systems, safety and the environment, ensure the deployment of these elements in the organization's strategies. Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) is a system which is as integrated and synergistic arrangement of human resources , facilities and equipment and try to create a healthy and environment away from the accident, damage and waste. Safety climate is a term that describes a common vision of staff of how the safety management is used in the workplace. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between safety climate with an awareness level among employees of the HSE management system in oil refinery in Kermanshah.
Methods: The study population was employees in one of the oil refineries in Iran. After designing and questionnaire psychometric assessment of staff knowledge of HSE management system, Loughborough safety climate questionnaire was used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22 software.
Results: The results of this study showed a moderate awareness of HSE Management System in refinery workers (mean of 20.85). The relationship between safety climate and awareness level of HSE management system got significant.
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed the importance of regarding to demographic and occupational characteristic on safety climate and awareness level of HSE Management System. In this regard, appropriate and proper management policy should strive to improve the situation. The results of this study present a profile of the safety climate situation in the surveyed refinery, which can be used as a preventive indicator for providing and promoting policy and safety performance evaluation and of its results ,they use to improve organizations safety.
Volume 14, Issue 5 (12-2017)
Background and aims: The job safety is one of the necessary aspects of efficiency in humane resource manangement of every organization, and if organizations enable to reduce the rate of job accidents and undesirable stress, then performance of workers become more efficient. Hence, job rotation is as good as a rest to increase efficiency. The aim of this research is to design an appropriate job rotation system in order to reduce job risks in terms of ergonomic risks of jobs.
Methods: This research is aimed to design a job rotation system by using a mathematical modeling approach in which in addition to satisfying employer needs, it reduces ergonomic risk of jobs. The research method in this research is application in terms of goal, and is mathematical descriptive in terms of method, which includes: (1) problem extraction, (2) modeling, (3) model solving, (4) model verification, and (5) model implementation. The aim is to all of the risks
is assigned to n workers such that maximum risk of all workers are minimized (problem extraction). According to conditions and constraints of system, the problem is modeled as a linear programming model. The parts of this model includes objective function of minimization of maximum job risk of human resource, structural constraints of problem (each job should be assigned just to one worker at any time, and each worker should occupy just one job), parameters (n workers, n jobs at time interval T, jobs risks), and variables (job assignment at time intervals to workers) (modeling). Since the model is a linear programming model, the Lingo optimization software and coding in it is used to solve optimally (model solving and verification).
Results: The optimal model of job rotation system was evaluated in semi-industrial work-station where dissatisfaction of workers from ergonomics problems has been reported (model implementation). This mathematical linear model is constructed with 144 decision variables, 57 constraints and a objective function. The model is implemented by Lingo software and the results include 138 zero optimal variables and 6 one optimal variables. These results provide an optimal sequence of assignment and workers job rotation that can be used to make most moderate state of job risks and divide the job risks in a logical proportion among all workers. The optimal assignment of jobs to workers implies the reduction of job risks for all workers to 1.25 (calculated value for optimal objective function).
Conclusions: The main output of this research is a optimal plan for job assignment in a work plan of a production system which not only considers job conditions but also minimizes ergonomic risk of jobs and also leads to job satisfaction due to moderate job risk. The results demonstrate outstanding effect of job rotation on setting of job risk among workers at an appropriate level, and improvement on workers' satisfaction.
Volume 14, Issue 6 (3-2018)
Abstract
Background and aims: The aim of this present study was to examine the effectiveness of work- life conflict management model on life satisfaction and work engagement of male employees.
Method: Population of this study was male employees of Parsian Bank in Tehran. In a pretest- posttest experimental research design with control group, a total of 24 male employees selected via simple sampling and accidently divided into experimental group (n=12) and control group (n=12). The experimental group was undergone six-session format of work- life conflict management program and the control group didn’t receive any training program. Data was collected using Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and work engagement scale(UWES) and then data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and covariance analysis (ANCOVA).
Results: Findings showed significance difference between both experimental and control group in satisfaction of life and work engagement score (P<0/01).
Conclusion: So, work- life conflict management model is effective in increasing satisfaction of life and work engagement of male employees.
Volume 14, Issue 6 (3-2018)
Background and aims: Safety in companies related to oil and gas is very important. Hence, the purpose of current study is to assess safety culture by using behavioural and environmental forms in staffs of South Pars Gas Company.
Methods: Totally, 1000 participants were randomly selected for this descriptive study from different parts of South Pars Gas Company. After selection of participants, demographic data were collected from each participant and behavioural and environmental forms based on Geller model were completed for all individuals through interview.
Results: Totally, one hundred persons with mean age of 30.33 ± 4.59 years participated in this study. Findings from behavioural form showed that safety status is in an appropriate condition, although some safety items in this form should be paid more attention. Findings from environmental form showed that this company not have appropriate function in some items including education, first aids, equipment safety, chemical substances, pressured cylinders, lighting, sound, vibration, atmospheric condition and ergonomics. Therefore, an appropriate plan is necessary to promote safety culture for these items.
Conclusion: This study showed a good condition for behavioural safety status of South Gas company staffs, but no appropriate condition was seen for environmental safety status. Therefore, this condition should be more attention by the company's managers.
Volume 15, Issue 6 (2-2019)
Background and aims: Today, the growth of high technology industry faces us to some problems like air pollution, work-related accidents and occupational diseases which make it necessary to use a HSE-MS management system in different projects. However, the implementation of this system need to spend some money and time, so because of the reduced of cost trend in some managers, they regardless of do that or do it imperfect.
Methods: In this paper, the value of the flow of the investment process in the HSE-MS system in the form of fuzzy numbers, using the method of return on capital investment (IRR) method, evaluated the economics of this investment under fuzzy environments. Also, this paper describes how to calculate the cost of accidents, how to calculate the amount of investment in the HSE-MS system, introducing the IRR method, introducing the theory of fuzzy sets, how to calculate fuzzy IRR, and finally, we describe the proposed method. The calculations are analyzed using the @RISK software.
Results: As you can see, the financial process resulting from the implementation of the HSE-MS management system is both economic and financially based on the FIRR method and the use of the @RISK software and implies the need for the implementation of a safety management system from an economic point of view. In other words, the average return on capital employed in the financial process resulting from the implementation of the HSE-MS management system, according to the IRR method, is almost 22%, much higher than the average market rate of 5%, and strongly emphasizes the economic nature of this financial process.
Conclusion: According to the findings of the recent study, Internal Rate of Return is between 14% and 18%, and is more than the market rate (7%). So it’s indicating that the investment in the aforementioned sector is very profitable and leads to returning capital over the next few years will be. In the other hand, investment in the safety, health and environmental sectors in addition to decreasing the risks of decreasing the job and thus reducing occupational accidents and job satisfaction leads to the profitability of projects.
Volume 16, Issue 5 (10-2019)
Background and aims: Given the ever - expanding growth of science and technology that the multiplicity, variety, and complexity of industrial processes have been only a part of it, and despite the many human needs to be met using science and technology, the devastating effects must not be forgotten. These consequences are either due to the unknown dimensions and aspects found in modern science and technology or the result of mismanagement, illness and work - related accidents. Among these effects and consequences are environmental consequences. Research shows that occupational accidents are among the most important consequences of globalization, especially in developing countries. On the other hand, the environment has suffered from the pollution caused by industrial and manufacturing centers to the extent that the pervasive environmental crises such as gradual warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid rain, depletion environmental crises such as gradual global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid rain, depletion of water oxygen and aquatic death, soil degradation caused by waste and chemicals and, to some extent, noise pollution, result from unequal confrontation between industry and environment. Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) management is responsible for planning, implementing, monitoring and optimizing operational processes in the areas of environmental management, health protection and occupational safety. Regulatory requirements play an important role in HSE discipline. Considering the threats posed by industry and the imposition of heavy and increasing costs on the economy of human society, and considering the importance and role of Health, Safety, and Environment - Management System (HSE-MS) in protecting these two infrastructure components, and of course, highly influential manpower and the environment in the field of industry and production and more importantly sustainable development, it is imperative to evaluate optimally and realistically its performance in industries and manufacturing centers.
The effects and consequences of the devastation caused by the dangers and aspects of the HSE have become so tangible and visible that they have prompted national, and international agencies to respond these issues since the mid-1990s. These reactions occur in many forms, including the creation and dissemination of standards and management systems. The standardization approach in the field of HSE was a response to the needs of organizations and stakeholders that sought to manage HSE in a more sustainable and effective way in order to reduce the number of events (accidents), occupational injuries and diseases, mitigate environmental aspects and consequences.
Ranking is a type of qualification criterion based on defined standards and is intended to guarantee the quality and quantity of contractors in providing services and defending the rights of stakeholders and users. Integrated fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and Taxonomy techniques as a method in multi criteria decision making (MCDM) helps decision maker(s) to organize and analyze problems, and to rank alternatives. Identification of criteria and indicators, selection of measures and weighting of indicators which with HSE-MS performance evaluation are the purposes of this study. Then, developed method is applied to rank the 5 actives organizations in boat industry.
Methods: This applicable study was done as a descriptive-analytic procedure. Graduates of HSE related fields with career in HSE performance evaluation are the statistical population of this research. The number of samples was 8 experts that according to the sampling method - nonprobability, purposive (or judgmental) and convenience - was in correspondence with the purpose of this paper. To incorporate the experts' knowledge and experience in presenting their opinion, we weigh the experts based on their educational background, HSE experience and HSE performance evaluation and determine their significance coefficients and incorporate these coefficients into the data extracted from the questionnaires. ISO 14001 : 2015 (Environmental Management Standard) and ISO 45001 : 2018 (Occupational Safety and Health Management) standards and collegiate related courses – industrial safety engineering, occupational hygiene engineering and environment engineering/management - were basement to identify the HSE-MS criteria and indicators. After identification, in order to quantify HSE-MS performance evaluation, some measures were determined and made available for experts. Then, experts weighted them which weighting using FAHP approach with EA method. Finally, performance evaluation of HSE-MS is done by Taxonomy method in 5 actives organizations in boat industry. All experts have experience in the field of HSE performance evaluation. According to the content, approach and goals of the research, the data collection tool is a questionnaire. As ISO 14001 : 2015 (Environmental Management Standard) and ISO 45001 : 2018 (Occupational Safety and Health Management) standards are used to identify indicators and indicators are derived from standard clauses and each standard clause represents a specific topic, so each indicator exclusively represents one of the standard clauses. This is also indicative of the validity of the indicators.
The properties of a suitable criterion can be divided into two categories: inner and outer. Internal characteristics are related to the components and internal dimensions of a criterion, while external features refer to the type of relationship between the criteria. A good criterion should have features such as: quantitative, valid, representative, minimal variability of performance measurement results under the same conditions, sensitive to change, cost-effective, understandable to most users Considering the inner and outer criteria while selecting the features will lead to a comprehensive selection that will prevent the selection of additional indefinite features along with full coverage of the HSE-MS dimensions and elements. Based on ISO 14031 : 2013 (Environmental Performance Assessment Standard), we considered two types of managerial and operational indicators for the comprehensiveness of HSE-MS performance evaluation. We determined managerial indicators according to the ISO 14001 : 2015 (Environmental Management Standard) and ISO 45001 : 2018 (Occupational Safety and Health Management) and also operational indicators are set based on key courses of HSE related academic disciplines. To quantify the performance evaluation of the HSE-MS, we need to use quantitative indicators or in other words we should apply a measure for this purpose. The researchers suggested two measures in the HSE Qualitative Questionnaire for each indicator and experts had to select one of the two measures or introduce another one. In terms of weight of experts, the final measure is selected for each feature. In order to determine the effect or weight of each of the indicators on the performance evaluation of HSE-MS, we need to determine a method for weighting. Accordingly, the fuzzy analytic hierarchical process approach was developed to determine weight of the indicators. According to the selected method, a questionnaire called pairwise comparison matrix of indicators / measures was given to the experts based on triangular fuzzy numbers to determine each of the pairwise comparisons between the indicators according to the fuzzy linguistic expression.
Results: By reviewing the literature and receiving expert’s opinions, 10 general criteria and 54 indicators were identified so that the total number of identified management performance criteria and indicators are 7 and 28 respectively and also total number of identified operational performance criteria and indicators are 3 and 26 respectively. Management performance criteria include organizational environment, leadership, planning, support, operations, performance evaluation and improvement. Operational performance criteria include safety, health and environment. Nonetheless, the total weight of management and operational performance criteria is 40.5 and 59.5 respectively. Despite the higher number of management performance criteria, weights and importance of operational performance criteria for assessing HSE-MS performance is much more. Three operational performance criteria have largest weights based on experts’ opinions. The three operational performance criteria are assigned the highest weight followed by the management performance criteria. Among the management performance criteria, the improvement criterion is with the highest weight and the criterion of the organizational environment is with the least weight. Also, among the 54 identified indicators, the first six indicators (include product, particles, gases / vapors, machinery and equipment safety, biologically permitted hazardous agents, general safety (5S)) with the highest weight are all operational performance indicators and the last six indicators (include partnership, consultancy, organizational roles, responsibilities and organizational authorities, planning actions to achieve HSE objectives, internal audit, procurement and communications) with the lowest weight are management performance indicators. The obtained results using integrated method revealed that the organization 1 in boat industry has been placed in the top lists. Also, the results showed an influence of indicators weight on ranking of organization that considering this issue in performance evaluation of organizations especially in HSE-MS is the suggestion of this research.
Conclusion: While confirming the need for management and operational performance indicators to realistically evaluate the HSE performance of industrial organizations, this study emphasizes that the weight of operational performance indicators is higher than that of management - despite the higher number of management performance indicators. Obtained results showed that the integrated fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and Taxonomy methods can be used to evaluate the performance of Health, Safety, and Environment - Management System successfully. It seems that, performance evaluation with multi criteria decision making methods with employee's collaboration can increasingly leads to effectiveness in using HSE-MS. In order to improve the HSE performance of industrial organizations, the implementation of the relevant standards, including ISO 14001 : 2015 and ISO 45001 : 2018, must be such as to ultimately eliminate, reduce or contain safety hazards, adverse health factors and environmental consequences.
Volume 17, Issue 1 (5-2020)
Abstract:
Background and aims: Rise of urbanization in last century has led to the formation of large cities and the accumulation of human population in concentrated urban areas. Commercial centers in large cities are considered as the metropolitan critical areas. Commercial centers in metropolises are prone to crisis and the accidents in these centers can lead to human, social, and economic disasters. The presence of old textures, monuments, cultural features, large numbers of visitors per day, incompatibility of traffic routes with some of these centers, weak infrastructure and facilities, etc. increase the importance of crisis management in metropolitan commercial centers. In recent years, existence of some major weaknesses in crisis management in metropolises has revealed the need for complementary approaches such as resilience engineering. Resilience engineering is a new approach to measuring and maintaining safety in complex systems, with the goal of maintaining the capacity of the organization at an acceptable level to face crisis and maintaining the ability of the organization to return to its pre-crisis state.
Methods: The purpose of this study was to design a questionnaire for crisis management assessment in commercial centers, based on resilient engineering approach. Several commercial centers of Tehran were selected for this study. Management commitment, reporting culture, learning culture, transparency, preparedness, awareness, and flexibility were considered as the main criteria of resilience engineering (RE). After identifying the main criteria, the questionnaire questions were extracted based on literature review, field studies, experts’ opinions, and the use of contextual content analysis, . Then a questionnaire with 97 questions was designed according to experts’ opinions. This questionnaire was evaluated by 17 experts of safety and crisis management, using Delphi technique. For initial screening of identified sub-criteria, a score between 1 to 5 was assigned for each of them and any sub-criteria with score of less than 3 was omitted. The Delphi technique was applied in two rounds and a questionnaire with 68 questions was approved in the second round. Kendall's coefficient of concordance was used to calculate the consistency of experts' opinions. The ANP model was then used for weighting and prioritizing the sub-criteria. The sub-criteria were compared in pairs based Saaty’s 1-9 scale. Reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by calculating the inconsistency rate. If the inconsistency rate of the pairwise comparisons is greater than 0.1, it is better to revise the comparisons. DEMATEL technique was used to identify criteria interrelationships. The matrix derived from the DEMTEL technique (Interrelationships matrix) is able to show the causal relationship between the effectiveness of the variables and their capacity to be influenced by the other factors.
The technique involved the following steps:
1. Creating the direct relationship matrix (M): When using opinions of multiple individuals, the simple average of their opinions is used and M is formed.
2. Normalization of the direct relationship matrix
3. Calculating the complete relationship matrix
4. Creating a causal diagram
5- Displaying Network Relationship Map (NRM)
In this study, we used experts’ opinions (in a 5-point scale) again to complete and evaluate the tables.
The ANP analysis consists of four steps. Step 1: Identifying the main criteria; Step 2: Identify interrelationships; Step 3: Determining the overall priorities; and Step 4: testing the consistency.
In order to determine the final priority of the criteria by the ANP technique, the unbalanced super-matrix, balanced super-matrix, and finally the limit super-matrix must be calculated. Each component of the diagram is calculated at different stages of the pairwise comparison technique and DEMATEL. Therefore, the unbalanced Super-matrix structure can be visualized by entering this data into the final model structure designed with SuperDecision software. The unbalanced super-matrix is transformed into the balanced super-matrix using normalization technique. In the balanced matrix, the sum of the elements of each column is equal to 1. Finally, the limit super-matrix is calculated. The limit super-matrix is achieved by raising the power of all elements of the balanced super-matrix. In the SuperDecision software, this operation is repeated until all the elements of the super-matrix become equal to each other. In this case, all elements of the super-matrix will be zero, and only the elements of each sub-criterion will be a number that is repeated throughout the row corresponding to that sub-criterion.
Based on the calculations and the limit super-matrix, the final priorities of sub-criteria were derived by the SuperDecision software. In this study, TOPSIS technique was used to select the best shopping center among other shopping complexes in Tehran.
The sub-criteria related to the main criteria for shopping centers were identified and evaluated.
Therefore, to identify the best shopping center, the scoring matrix for the shopping centers was created based on the sub-criteria. The 5-point Likert scale was used to score the shopping centers based on each sub-criterion. The score for each of the shopping centers was calculated based on the simple average of the experts’ opinions.
In the next step, the matrix was made dimensionless and then the dimensionless balanced matrix was created. Then the most positive and the most negative options and the distance of each option from them were calculated. In this method, the highest priority is given to the option which has the highest distance from the most negative option and the least distance from the positive option. Finally, the research data were analyzed through multiple case studies in 7 commercial complexes using a researcher-made questionnaire to determine the level of resilience. The data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS 18 software.
Results: Based on the Kendall's coefficient of concordance, the consistency rate of experts' opinions in the first and second rounds were 0.317 and 0.637, respectively. The results showed that management commitment, preparedness, awareness, culture of reporting, flexibility, culture of learning, and transparency (which had normalized weights of 0.182, 0.80, 0.178, 0.155, 0. 128, 0.100, and 0.077, respectively) had the priorities of 1 to 7 respectively. The results of the management commitment sub-criteria analysis showed that setting and communicating the policies and objectives of crisis management in the commercial complex by the manager was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.168). Issues such as the building structure and selecting the right people, the manager's attention to the importance of building safety, preparing the plans, and providing the resources and equipment needed for the complex were the next priorities. The inconsistency rate of the comparisons was 0.038 which is less than 0.1 and therefore the comparisons can be trusted.
For the culture of reporting sub-criterion, tendency of individuals to report errors and unsafe situations in the commercial centers was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.132). Therefore, organizations should always pay attention to reports provided by employees and customers. The inconsistency rate of the comparisons was 0.052 which is less than 0.1.
For the culture of learning sub-criterion, the commercial centers’ use of previous accidents and crises to better respond to future events was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.238). Learning from crisis simulation and practical exercises to build up teamwork experience for speeding up reactions to similar events were the next priorities. The results of this prioritization of learning culture sub-criteria indicate the importance of learning from past events to prevent similar events. The inconsistency rate of the comparisons was 0.053, which is less than 0.1.
For the transparency sub-criterion, Identification of non-conformities and deviation of commercial complexes from normal safety limits was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.084). The inconsistency rate of the comparisons was 0.084, which is less than 0.1.
For the preparedness sub-criterion, existence of a crisis management team in the commercial center was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.161) and creating and communicating the emergency response document, deploying the safety management system, identifying related risks in commercial complexes, developing and implementing the preventive programs and plans, implementing the safety rules and regulations to inspect and retrofit structural and non-structural components of commercial complexes, increasing their resistance against crisis, anticipating cooperation with foreign relief organizations, alert systems readiness, smart fire alarm systems, performing maneuvering operations, and training of employees and tradepeople were the next priorities, respectively. The inconsistency rate of the comparisons was 0.056, which is less than 0.1.
For the awareness criterion, reporting of the complex safety problems was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.142). Defining a transparent communication mechanism to report safety concerns, increasing intergroup coordination and collaboration at a time of crisis, and how they perform their tasks against task descriptions were the next priorities, respectively. The inconsistency rate of the comparisons was 0.084, which is less than 0.1.
For the flexibility criterion, sub-criterion of ability to control unforeseen environmental conditions by management was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.25). Employee decision-making without unnecessary waiting for management orders was the next priority. The inconsistency rate of the comparisons was 0.0089, which is less than 0.1.
DEMATEL technique showed that the management commitment was the most effective criterion and had the least capacity to be influenced by the other factors. The criterion of preparedness had the highest capacity to be influenced by the other factors. The criterion of transparency had the highest interaction with other criteria.
Calculation of the final priorities of the sub-criteria performed by the ANP technique showed that the sub-criterion of identifying non-conformities and deviation from safety boundaries was the first priority (with the normalized weight of 0.0448), the commercial centers’ use of previous accidents and crises to better respond to future events was the second priority (with the normalized weight of 0.34), sub-criterion manager ability to control unforeseen environmental conditions was the third priority (with the normalized weight of 0.0293), and simulating crisis and performing practical exercises to create teamwork experience and increase reaction speed was the fourth priority (with the normalized weight of 0.0278).
Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, in the crisis management of commercial complexes based on the resilience engineering approach, management commitment and preparedness are the most significant criteria and transparency is the least significant criterion in creating resilience against crises.
Assessment of the relationship between the main criteria using DEMATEL technique showed that the management commitment was the most effective criterion. The criterion of preparedness had the highest capacity to be influenced by the other factors. The criterion of transparency had the highest interaction with other criteria. Assessment of crisis management based on resilience approach by using TOPSIS technique for commercial complexes in Tehran showed that complex No. 4 among other complexes was more resilient to crises. This indicates that all aspects of crisis management in commercial complexes are considered in the proposed questionnaire. One of the differences of this study with the existing studies is the use of fuzzy logic to rank and determine the significance of each sub-criterion in the crisis assessment questionnaire based on resilience approach in commercial centers.
According to the results of the research and the final priorities of the sub-criteria in ANP technique which was derived using limit super matrix and SuperDecision software, some steps are needed to improve the crisis management situation in commercial complexes, including: creating a crisis management team for tradepeople and trade :union:s, providing financial resources and equipment needed to create and enhance safety and efficient crisis management, providing training courses for coping with crisis, simulating the crisis and performing practical exercises to create teamwork experience and increase reaction speed, encouraging the employees and tradepeople and even customers to report unsafe situations in the commercial centers, simulating fire in commercial center using software and eventually creating a template for coordination and cooperation of related groups and individuals in times of crisis.
overall, the results showed that the designed crisis assessment questionnaire based on the seven principles of resilience engineering, is efficient and appropriate for assessing crisis management in commercial complexes and this questionnaire can be used to know the current situation of crisis management in commercial complexes.
Keywords: Commercial Complex , Crisis Management , Resilience Engineering
Volume 17, Issue 1 (5-2020)
Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study. The community study is 12 active zinc casting companies with a Health,Safety and Environment Management System or Integrated Management System Zanjan Zinc Industrial Plants. Zinc processing companies, with the above mentioned second category, were selected from 12 companies and 1460 personnel as the study population. Interviews were conducted from 300 people, including 12 top management or top management representatives, 12 HSE experts and 276 unit staff. The tool used to do this research is a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed for three groups: staff (55 questions), HSE experts (161 questions), top management or management representative (55 questions).Interviews were conducted with staff in groups and in many cases as work units. Interviews with staff from all units were attempted, but in some cases interviews with staff from all units were not possible and units with the highest risk of HSE were replaced for the interview. The interview was also conducted without the presence of HSE managers and staff. The HSE-MS standard questionnaire was designed based on ISO 9001, 45001ISO, ISO 14001, ILO-OSH2001 and based on literature review in the field of HSE and RE management system. Health, safety and environmental checklists were collected from the Health Center, Labor Inspection Office, EPA respectively. To determine validation, we used content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Cronbach's alpha represents the proportion of a group of items that measures a construct. Conventionally, a minimum Cronbach's alpha of 0.6 is desirable for descriptive studies. But a good internal validity index is usually considered to be between 0.7 and 0.8. In this study Cronbach's alpha was 0.802, Which was considered 0.7 and above. To complete the questionnaire, a structural approach was first analyzed, which was limited to analyzing the documents and records described in the evidence sources for each HSE-MS case. Then the performance approach, where the indices extracted by the company's HSE unit, were examined. After the structural and functional evaluation, the HSE-MS operational approach was evaluated, which included direct supervision, field visits, and staff interviews. given that the companies were in three shifts and rotations that were presented to each company for three consecutive weeks. Interviews, documentation reviews, field visits and direct observation were used to complete the questionnaire. Characteristics of the researcher-made questionnaire (Structured Interview) used in this study were: 7 main criteria, 20 sub-criteria, 5 sub-sub-criteria of evaluation. For each case, three types of audits, sources of evidence, RE assessments and requirements were identified. HSE-MS Criteria from the RE Perspective:1. HSE-MS Planning 2. Operational processes and Risk assessmen management 3. People management 4. Generic safety factors 5. Planning of the performance monitoring 6. Feedback, learning and continuous improvement 7. Results .Questionnaire scoring was based on the Brazilian National Quality Award, and finally the HSE-MS status was determined from the standpoint of resiliency engineering.
Results: The status of the Health,Safety and Environment management system from the resilience engineering perspective, in Zanjan Zinc Industrial Plants was evaluated with a score of 57.8% on average. In the main criteria of Health,Safety and Environment management system, the criteria for assessment and risk management with 65.97%, and the criteria for the results with 42.95%, sub- criteria, the leadership and top management commitment with 71.4%, and the sub-measure of preventive performance with 42.46 %. and sub- sub- criteria of the sources with 77.91%. and contractors with 38.13%, respectively, had the highest and lowest score. Structural and operational approach were rated as 62.57% and 60.55% at moderate level and functional approach as poor as 42.95%. In the structural, operational and functional approaches, the system structure, the actual activities in the operational units and the results of the performance indicators were evaluated, respectively. The four principles of resilience: top management commitment 63.92%, learning 61.13%, flexibility 65.08% and awareness with 61.41% were determined by evaluating the criteria of health, safety and environment management system, and integration with resilience engineering.
Conclusion: Evaluate the health, safety and environmental management system from a resilience engineering perspective, which is a combination of HSE-MS and RE elements, and is a comprehensive assessment of other HSE management system audits. Because at the same time, three structural, functional and operational approaches coupled with resilience engineering were evaluated in one model. Considering the criterion of competence and its ability to influence the principle of learning from the principles of resilience engineering, it is important to note that the failure to employ a full-time HSE expert and, in the short term, the termination of collaboration with experts, had a negative impact on this principle. It was the success of companies that focused on selecting, retaining and valuing this group of experts. There was no training need assessment in many companies. If accidents and pseudo-incidents did occur, if properly documented and analyzed, they could serve as lessons learned for later periods. Another reason is that in examining accident reporting forms, similar incidents happened with similar causes, if they were preventable by corrective measures. Integrate management systems and integrate them with change management to optimize performance. Personal safety and process safety should be considered, because good performance in personal safety does not necessarily mean good process safety performance, while poor performance in process safety results from poor personal safety. Employee awareness of the results of HSE audits and the performance of the HSE management system can be effective in contributing to and improving indicators.
Volume 17, Issue 1 (5-2020)
Background and aims: Mining has always been recognized as one of the most hazardous occupations, and mining environments have been discussed as one of the most dangerous work environments. Thus, occupational safety and health is a major issue for the 13 million people or miners in the world, many of whom are working in surface mines.
Considering the slogan "Healthy humans are at the center of sustainable development" and given the need for maintaining the health of the workforce and protecting the environment, HSE management systems have currently been extended to most companies, organizations, industries, and mines to ensure workforce health and environmental protection. On the other hand, any organization and industry needs monitoring and auditing to determine the status and effectiveness of its HSE management system in order to identify and improve the strengths, weaknesses, and non-compliances of the system. So far, no comprehensive and coherent tool or mechanism has been provided for monitoring and auditing HSE in surface mines.
HSE audit is a systematic process used to assess the compliance with the guidelines, regulations, rules, and standard executive procedures developed in the field of HSE. The existence of a comprehensive HSE audit system makes it possible to identify and control all system defects before they may cause irreparable damage. In addition, regarding the importance of HSE in mines and despite the existence of the ISRS[1] for safety auditing in mines, as this method only deals with safety and does not address health and environment as well as the main issues on mining, and due to the lack of a comprehensive and specific tool in Iran for auditing health, safety and environment, the present study was conducted in 2019 to provide a valid audit tool for HSE management system for surface mines.
Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 3 stages:
A: Designing a preliminary checklist based on the HSE management system dimensions: Having reviewed the texts, standards, and regulations related to the health, safety and environment of the mines and also the related audit methods, the researcher developed the items for each dimension.
B: Checklist validity: Given that this study aimed to design a specific checklist for mines, face and content validity was evaluated. The convenience sampling method was used to ensure face validity, and 15 HSE experts (working in surface mines) were selected and invited to cooperate. Finally, according to the expertschr('39') opinions, the items were reviewed and corrected and a new draft was prepared.
To evaluate the content validity, qualitative and quantitative methods were used based on the Lawshe model. In a qualitative assessment of content validity, 15 HSE mining experts with work, research, and educational experiences were invited to participate as a panel group. They were then asked to read the checklist carefully and consider the issues such as the use of appropriate words, grammar, placement of items in their right place, and proper scoring, and to submit their corrective views in writing. Once the groupchr('39')s comments were collected, necessary changes were applied to the checklist.
To quantitatively examine the content validity, two indicators were used (content validity ratio and content validity index). Thus, the CVR[2] and CVI[3] were respectively used to ensure the selection of the most important and correct content and to ensure that the checklist items were best designed to measure the intended content.
C: Checklist reliability: Reliability shows how the measurement tool gives the same results under the same conditions. To determine the external reliability, the checklist was completed by HSE experts in 20 surface mines and was assessed using the test-retest method and correlation coefficient at a two-week interval.
Furthermore, the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to calculate the internal reliability (agreement between evaluators) of the checklist items. To this end, the checklist was completed by three auditors in 8 surface mines, and the results were analyzed using the ICC method.
Results: The results of this research are presented in the following sections: determining the items and designing the preliminary checklist, and evaluating the validity and reliability of the checklist.
A: Determining the items and designing the preliminary checklist: Having reviewed various texts and considering the opinions of the research team and experts, the researcher used the HSE management system dimensions to design the audit checklist of the HSE management system of surface mines. The dimensions included leadership and commitment; policy and strategic goals; organization, resources, and documentation; risk assessment and management; planning, implementation, and monitoring; and audit and review. In the next step, the items were designed for each dimension.
B: Checklist Validity: 1- Face Validity: Once the experts examined the sentences and items of the checklist in terms of appearance, word choice, and comprehensibility, necessary changes were applied. 2- Qualitative evaluation of content validity: After reviewing the checklist in terms of grammar, insertion of items in their right place, and proper scoring by the panel group (15 experts), the expertschr('39') opinions were collected and necessary changes were applied to the checklist. 3- Quantitative evaluation of content validity: The results of examining the content validity ratio (CVR) showed that 27 items of the checklist had a content validity ratio of < 0.49, and were removed from the audit checklist. Also, examining the content validity index showed that 191 items received a CVI score of >0.79, two items had a score of <0.70 and were removed from the audit checklist, and 3 items received a score of 0.70 - 0.79, which were corrected and revised and were then provided to 6 experts from the panel group. They were kept in the checklist with a score of >0.79.
C: Checklist reliability: To ensure the external reliability (reliability over time), the health, safety and environmental experts completed the checklist twice at a two-week interval in 20 surface mines, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS software. The interclass correlation coefficient (reliability over time) of the dimensions and the total score of the audit checklist were favorable (> 0.8). Thus, the lowest and highest correlations after two weeks were estimated to be 0.970 and 0.995, respectively, which were associated to the policy and strategic goals and the risk assessment and management dimensions, respectively. To determine the internal reliability (agreement between evaluators), the audit checklist was completed by three auditors in 8 surface mines, and the collected data were entered into the SPSS software. The interclass correlation coefficient (agreement between evaluators) of the dimensions and the total score of the audit checklist were also favorable (> 0.8). The highest and lowest internal reliability were associated to leadership and commitment (0.806) and risk assessment and management (0.967), respectively.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the CVI and CVR values for the whole audit checklist were 0.95 and 0.84, respectively. In other words, the audit checklist had an acceptable and appropriate validity index. Also, studying the reliability over time and the agreement between evaluators showed that the interclass correlation coefficient of the dimensions and the total score of the audit checklist were greater than 0.8. In other words, the auditors had given approximately the same answers to the questions and thus the dimensions of the audit checklist, which in fact confirmed the validity of the researcher-made checklist. Finally, after making necessary changes and removing inappropriate questions from the preliminary checklist during validity and reliability assessments, 194 questions remained in the audit checklist.
One of the strengths of this research is the comprehensiveness of the audit tool, which not only included safety, but also health and environment. It is also a specific tool for auditing the HSE management system of surface mines. In addition, the tool has high validity and reliability. One weakness of the tool is that it can only be used for surface mines and is not suitable for underground ones. It is recommended to improve the checklist for auditing the HSE management system for underground mines.
According to the results of this study, the checklist designed for surface mines had proper reliability and validity and could be used to audit the HSE management system of surface mines. Finally, the audit output of the HSE management system for mines could be used to improve the HSE management system, identify the risks and non-compliances in the whole HSE management system, management interventions to eliminate defects, and achieve compliance with standards and regulations.
Volume 17, Issue 1 (5-2020)
Background and aim: These accidents have brought great losses for the community, organization and workers and Now the worst consequence of occupational accidents is the premature mortality of labor force. In developing and developed countries occupational accidents are one of the major problems, The most important part of these costs are human costs. Deaths caused by occupational accidents reasult in the loss of life, years of work and related costs. Every year, millions of occupational accidents occurs worldwide some of the accidents are fatal and others leads to temporary and permanent inability.
The HSE-MS is a regular, systematic and explicit approach, accomplished with the comprehensive processes with the goal of planning, documentation and changing the methods in order to manage the detrimental factors, safe the threats and risk analysis. Like the other management systems, the HSE-MS system is developed in order to obtain a healthy working environment with the minimum amount of job related incidents and dangers. A notable point is that the implementation of HSE-MS management system requires spending the money and time.
Investment is one of the most important topics for converting funds into assets. Knowing whether an investment is ultimately profitable or not is the most important part of an investment. A sharp decline in the cost benefit of a poor work environment can undermine the economic systems of society and subsequently jeopardize the position of the system in a competitive world. Today, with the development of industries and the ever-advancing technology, we are faced with complications such as air pollution, work-related accidents and occupational diseases that have made the need to implement HSE-MS management in various projects a necessity. To ensure the justification of economic valuation methods, we used four classical IRR, MIRR, AIRR, and NPV methods to compare and evaluate the best economic valuation method.
Methods: For this study, we have calculated the profitability of the HSE-MS system implementation by defining the values of the financial process flow in terms of fuzzy numbers and by using the IRR method including classical IRR, MIRR, AIRR and NPV methods. Finally, the validity of the results was analyzed using @RISK software and vertex method.
Step 1: Study theory
1: calculate the accident costs based on fuzzy values, before and after the HSE-MS system implementation. It is worthy to be noted that in this step can be used expert’s opinions, the historical data and existed information of similar projects. Actually, in this stage, first the cash flow stream of Costs arising from accidents is estimated before the HSE-MS system implementation. Then the cash flow stream value of Costs arising from accidents is estimated after the HSE-MS system implementation.
2: Calculate the income value of HSE-MS system implementation by differing the cash flow stream values of Costs arising from accidents before and after the HSE-MS system implementation.
3: Estimate the amount of investment required to implement the HSE-MS system.
4: Form the final cash flow stream obtained from the implementation of HSE-MS system. It can be obtained by summing the income and investment cash flow streams values.
5: Calculate the profitability of the final cash flow obtained from HSE-MS system implementation using the strict exceedance possibility method.
Step 2: Operational calculation and analysis of accident costs
accidents are classified into 5 groups according to the intensity of the result of an accident i.e.: 1. Short-term absences, 2. Long-term absence, 3. Small disability, 4. Total disability and 5. Death and based on borne costs in six groups including; 1. Production disturbance costs, 2. Human Capital Costs, 3. Medical costs, 4. Administrative costs 5. Transfer costs and 6. Other costs classified according to the direct or indirect costs resulting from the incident and impose costs on workers, employers and society.
Step 3: Economic evaluation and analysis of four methods classic IRR, AIRR, MIRR and NPV
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
The internal rate of return (IRR) is a metric used in capital budgeting to estimate the profitability of potential investments. The internal rate of return is a discount rate that makes the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows from a particular project equal to zero. IRR calculations rely on the same formula as NPV does.Formula and Calculation for IRR
Modified internal rate of return (MIRR)
Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) considers cost of capital, and is intended to provide a better indication of a project's probable return. It applies a discount rate for borrowing cash, and the IRR is calculated for the investment cash flows. When a project has multiple IRRs it may be more convenient to compute the IRR of the project with the benefits reinvested. Accordingly, MIRR is used, which has an assumed reinvestment rate, usually equal to the project's cost of capital. Formula and Calculation for MIRR
Average internal rate of return (AIRR)
researcher introduced a new approach, named AIRR approach, based on the intuitive notion of mean, that solves the problems of the IRR . However, the above-mentioned difficulties are only some of the many flaws incurred by the IRR.
Formula and Calculation for AIRR
@RISK Software
@RISK is an add-in to Microsoft Excel that lets you analyze risk using Monte Carlo simulation. @RISK shows you virtually all possible outcomes for any situation—and tells you how likely they are to occur. This means you can judge which risks to take on and which ones to avoid—critical insight in today’s uncertain world. @RISK identifies and ranks the most important factors driving your risks, so you can plan strategies—and resources—accordingly.
Results: The average rate of return on the internal financial capital of the financial process resulting from the implementation of the HSE-MS management system in accordance with the classic IRR, AIRR and MIRR methods is 22.23, 18.11 and 11.12%, respectively, which is 5% higher than the average market rate. The results show that in the MIRR method, the lowest and highest value of the classical IRR obtained is 5.69% and 10.02%, respectively. Also, in AIRR method, the lowest and highest value of classical IRR obtained is equal to 12.44 and 17.55%, respectively. According to the information obtained in the NPV method, the minimum and maximum amount of NPV obtained is equal to 144.7 and $ 3,157,997, respectively. All of which exceed the market value and indicate that the HSE management system is economical. Has been and strongly emphasizes the economics of this financial process. There is no significant difference between the traditional method of calculating classic IRR, AIRR and MIRR with the @RISK software methods, but the difference in the degree of economics in classical IRR methods to AIRR and MIRR is due to the new computational process and the impact of financial variables and time value of money. In other words, the profitability percentages are more acceptable in the newer method.
Conclusion: Today, industries high developments and increasing the amount of incident related costs, in different projects, force the companies to implement a HSE-MS system. However, some managers are hesitated to applying this system, completely, because of different reasons. This paper develops a new method in order to show that this system not only is not a costly project, but also increases the project profitability by decreasing the incident related costs. Actually the HSE-MS system implementation is an economical project. The proposed method in this paper first develops a model for calculation of incident related costs, before and after the incident related costs being occurred. The difference of these two financial processes shows the revenue of the HSE-MS system implementation. Then the ultimate financial process is formed by integrating two revenues and required investment, for the HSE-MS implementation system, financial processes. In order to evaluate the economic assessment of the financial process for a HSE-MS system implementation, the IRR method which is one of the attractive methods, is used. Using this method, by defining the financial process values based on different time periods and considering the time value of money, the attractiveness of financial processes is evaluated. Because of existing uncertainty in predicting of financial process values and also in order to decrease the ultimate risk of the solution, all values of financial process flows are defined as fuzzy numbers. It is worthy to be noted that, whenever, the financial process values are defined like this, the IRR value is also obtained as a fuzzy number. In this paper, a method has been proposed based on the existing techniques in fuzzy sets theories, by which the FIRR value can be computed by a higher reliability level. The economic evaluation of the HSE-MS system is performed using the greater possibility index. Based on the obtained results, the HSE-MS system implementation is strictly advisable because of its benefits. The results show that all four methods were highly economical and contribute to the economic growth of the system in addition to maintaining the original budget. The four methods of economic evaluation introduced have the ability to evaluate each other in terms of the accuracy of the results. On the other hand, the classical IRR method with respect to the data asserts the first letter among the proposed methods and confirms the validity of the HSE_MS system.
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Since emergencies are often unpredictable, organizations need to be prepared to overcome the threats. In addition to emergency teams, coordination and preparedness also is very important in responding to emergencies. This study aimed to use social network analysis to improve the performance of an emergency management system in the petrochemical industry. The studied emergency was hydrogen leak from the cylinder joints in the olefin unit. Social Network Analysis (SNA) was used to evaluate the emergency team’s response. To collect the required information, emergency scenarios, questionnaires, and interviews with experts and specialists were used. Gephi software version 0.9.1 was used to analyze the social network data of this study. The findings of this study indicate a high disruption between members and low network density, the network density index was 0.108 which represents a significant gap between the members and the low coherence of the network. Meaning that only 10.8% of all possible connections between members of emergency management members were established. Low density leads to inconsistency and leads to lack of cooperation and poor performance in emergency management. The average degree showed that the manager of operations was the most influence on the network. The social network analysis approach helps managers and decision makers identify the strengths and weaknesses of an emergency response team, and focus on the interactions and relationships between teams and, as well as their coordination. Also, to achieve optimal coordination in emergency response, it is necessary to consider specific plans and instructions, and identification the tasks.
Volume 19, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Introduction & Objectives: The spread of the Covid-19 virus has disrupted economic, industrial, and trade cycles. Also, human resources have been severely exposed to damage. This matter highlights the attention to the role of human resource management in dealing with these harms. Therefore, this study seeks to identify a set of management actions taken in human resources during the Corona outbreak by reviewing other research related to the subject. The purpose of this study is to introduce the best management strategies.
Methods: This study is a systematic review based on internal databases including Magiran, IranDoc, S.I.D., and international including Web of Science and Google Scholar search engine from 2020 to 2021, using keywords of Human resource management, Covid-19, and Coronavirus, their English equivalents, and combinations.
Results: 15 articles were eligible to include the research out of 47 articles obtained. The review of reports indicates that the best management measures during the outbreak of Corona include teleworking, establish online training, health protection and safety at work, provide incentives, Participate in reducing employee stress, etc.
Conclusion: A review of the available documents shows that most organizations have faced many problems with the outbreak of the corona crisis globally, so overcoming them requires special measures by human resource management.
| Page 1 from 1 |
Related Websites
Site Keywords
Chemical agents at work, Ergonomics, Air pollution, Chemical Safety, Occupational cancers, Assessment and risk management, Job ExhaustionVote
© 2025 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Iran Occupational Health
Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb